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G. Changing Medication, Or Transferring Them Between Locations Without ...

g. changing medication, or transferring them between locations without consultation). It can also occur when poor or negligent care is delivered by statutory providers, or when appropriate services are not available. (O'Loughlin and Duggan, 1998)
Older people, on the other hand perceived abuse under three distinct and somewhat different categories, namely (a) neglect (isolation, abandonment, or social isolation), (b) violation (of human, legal and medical rights) and (c) deprivation (of choices, decisions, status, finances, and respect) (Protecting our future, 2002)
Physical abuse can cause bodily harm or pain. It can refer to single or repetitive actions, and include assault, light or harsh, inappropriate and unnecessary limitation of activity or movement, incarceration or confinement, within a house or in an institution. External manifestation occurs through physical indicators like marks or scars, reduced mobility, changed behaviour and increased confusion. Emotional or psychological abuse occurs when interaction, mainly verbal but also through body language, becomes aggressive, disrespectful, derogatory and hurtful to the dignity and self-respect of the elder. It is characterised by (a) lack of respect for the older person's privacy and belongings; (b) lack of consideration for his/her wishes; (c) denial of access to significant persons; and (d) failure to meet the person's health and social needs. Indicators of emotional abuse can include severe psychological manifestations including fear, poor ability to make decisions, apathy, withdrawal and depression. (Economic and Social Council, (2002) Emotional abuse often has cultural overtones. Older members become victims of scapegoating and face blame, censure and ostracism for bringing ill luck and sometimes even natural disasters to communities. Financial or material abuse occurs where a person in a position of trust illegally, and without sanction, uses, embezzles or siphons an elder's assets, money, or property. Forced changes in inheritance and other legal documents, rejection of requests as well as right to handle own funds, and frauds, are all common examples of financial exploitation.
Apart from the above, a very important and prevalent form of elder abuse happens through neglect. Quite frequently, caregivers neglect to take care of an elder's requirement of food, clothing, safe and comfortable accommodation, medical care, and hygiene. Denial of social contact, lack of items like hearing aids and spectacles are issues that come up very often in experiences concerning abuse.
The types of abuse described are general in nature and actually manifest themselves in a myriad ways. Caretakers, mostly spouses, have been known to indulge in non-consensual sex with victims, leading to violence and physical injuries.

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