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The Musculature Involved Here Include The Tibialis Posterior Which, Together ...



The musculature involved here include the tibialis posterior which, together with soleus, begins the movement of supination at the subtalar joint. Peroneus longus stabilises the first metatarsal ray and the dual action of decelerating the forward motion of the tibia and the plantar flexion of the ankle joint are accomplished by the actions of the triceps surae. . (Valmassy R L 1996)

The actions of supination becomes more pronounced as the midstance phase progresses and reaches a maximal level just before the toe-off propulsive phase starts and then begins to revert back through the movement of pronation to the position of the heel strike again. (Sadeghi H et al. 2000).

We shall consider the propulsive phase in some detail as it is a complex analysis in terms of the biomechanics of the foot. The mid-tarsal joint has already locked, as we have described above, thereby causing the foot to function as a solid lever. Plantar flexion at the ankle and rapid supination of the subtalar joint are allowed for by knee flexion. At the same time there is flexion of the first metatarsal ray accompanied by rapid dorsiflexion at the level of the first metatarsaophalangeal joint as the foot moves forward over the hallux which is still in contact with the ground. (Bennett J E et al. 2001)

The musculature of the lower leg and intrinsic muscles of the foot are very active during this phase with heel lift being produced primarily by soleus and tibialis post. Stabilisation of the first metatarsal ray is produced by the peroneus longus. The hallux specifically is stabilised by flexor halluscis longus (and F. H. Brevis) together with abductor hallucis and adductor hallucis which also transmit the reactive propulsive forces to the body. The dorsiflexion of the hallux referred to above is generally a passive action caused directly by the body weight passing over the foot but can be actively caused by extensor hallucis longus (Valmassy R L 1996).

The swing through brings the foot and leg back into position for the next heel strike and comprises about 40% of the total cycle. (Lee W E et al. 2003). Hip flexion and knee extension serve to contribute to ground clearance of the foot and this is assisted by a modest degree of ankle dorsiflexion. This action is generated by the long extensors of the lower leg with tibialis anterior causing dorsiflexion of the first metatarsal ray.

Having described the normal gait pattern we note that variations (by definition - abnormalities) are not uncommon. Cutting (J et al. 1977) points out that these anomalies of gait are one of the more common and characteristic recognition cues that people can use in personal identification.

Kinetic Analysis in Sagittal Plane Gait.
Sagittal plane analysis came to prominence with the emergence of Payne and Dananberg's sagittal plane facilitation of motion model. (Payne C B et al.

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